ADHD

Evidence 

Premature birth and the link to ADHD 

Franz AP, Bolat GU, Bolat H 

Abstract: Studies indicate children born very preterm are showing rates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), three times higher than the general population, however monitoring can assist health care professionals with early intervention. 

Education 

What is ADHD? 

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder marked by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Some people mostly have symptoms of inattention. Others mostly have symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity. Some people have both types of symptoms. 

Symptoms begin in childhood and can interfere with daily life, including social relationships and education performance. 

What happens during pregnancy and childbirth can increase your child’s risk for attention deficit disorder (ADHD). Birthing parents who drink alcohol or smoke are more likely to have a child with ADHD. Babies born prematurely or sick have an increased risk of developing the condition. 

If you have concerns about your toddler’s behaviour, you might be wondering if your child is showing signs of attention deficit disorder (ADHD). This might be a particular concern for you if you have ADHD yourself, your other children do, or if the condition runs in your family. 

Your concerns are valid, but it's important to remember that ADHD cannot be formally diagnosed until your child is 6 years old. 

There is a small amount of research that suggests toddlers may also show signs of ADHD, but the symptoms cannot be treated with medication until the child is older. 

Early motor signs of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review 

Currently there are no criteria in the toddler years to indicate ADHD. However, there is only a small amount of research showing that some behaviours in toddlers may be linked to ADHD. 

For example, your toddler may: 

• Have a more challenging temperament than other children their age. 

• Have delays in speech and language development. 

• Have delays in gross or fine motor skills, such as walking, climbing or using their hands. 

• Seem more sensitive, easily frustrated, fussy or hard to settle. 

• Have trouble paying attention or staying focused during play. 

• Be constantly on the move and find it hard to sit still. 

• Act without thinking or be more impulsive than other toddlers of the same age. 

These signs are common in many toddlers and do not always mean your child has ADHD. If you are worried about your toddler's development or behaviour, speak with your child's healthcare provider. 

How is ADHD diagnosed? 

To be diagnosed with ADHD, your child will be evaluated by their paediatrician or a child psychiatrist There are certain criteria your child must meet to be diagnosed: 

• If your child is between the ages of 6 and 17, they must exhibit at least 6 signs of ADHD as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Signs include specific symptoms of impulsivity, inattention, and hyperactivity. 

• These symptoms must be present in at least two settings, which may include school, home, and during social activities. 

• Symptoms must have lasted more than 6 months. 

• Symptoms must cause significant disruptions to your child’s life. 

Empowerment 

Toddlers grow and develop at different rates and many behaviours change as they learn new skills. Being active, curious and easily distracted can be a normal part of toddler development. Many children who show some of these behaviours do not go on to have ADHD. 

If you have concerns about your toddler's behaviour or development, talk to your child's healthcare provider. Sharing your concerns early means they can monitor your toddler's progress over time, provide advice and support, and arrange further assessment if needed. 

Useful Links 

The Royal Children’s Hospital -Melbourne 

https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_ADHD/ 

Raising Children 

https://raisingchildren.net.au/school-age/development/adhd/adhd 

Miracle Babies Foundation 

https://www.miraclebabies.org.au/content/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/gk4e2o 

ADHD Australia 

https://www.adhdaustralia.org.au 

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