Social and Emotional Development
NURTURE INFORMATION HUB
Evidence
Early Emergence of Behavior and Social-Emotional Problems in Very Preterm Infants
Alicia J. Spittle Ph.D., Karli Treyvaud D .Psych., Lex W. Doyle M.D., Gehan Roberts Ph.D., Katherine J. Lee Ph.D., Terrie E. Inder M.D., Jeanie L.Y. Cheong M.D., Rod W. Hunt Ph.D., Carol A. Newnham Ph.D., Peter J. Anderson Ph.D.
Abstract: Children born very preterm are reported to have an increased frequency of social, emotional, and behavioural problems at school age compared with their peers born at term.
Education
Between 1 and 3 years of age, toddlers are learning how to understand their feelings and how to connect with others. This is a big time of growth. Your child is starting to learn who they are, what they like and how to show their emotions.
Toddlers often have strong feelings but may not yet have the words to explain them. This can lead to frustration, crying, or expressions of big feelings (sometimes named ‘tantrums’). This is a normal and an important part of development. Your child is not being “naughty”, they are learning.
At this age, your toddler may:
- Show love and closeness to parents and carers
- Want to do things on their own (“me do it!”)
- Have big feelings like anger, excitement, or fear
- Seem ‘irrational’ (this is actually them trying to make sense of things)
- Find it hard to share or take turns (this is developmentally appropriate at this age)
- Watch and copy what others do
- Start to play near other children, but not always with them
Toddlers are also learning about trust and safety. They feel most secure when they have loving, predictable care. Changes like starting daycare, the presence of a new sibling, or moving house can sometimes make emotions feel bigger.
If your child was born early or had time in hospital, they may take a little longer to feel safe in new situations or may be more sensitive to change. This is okay. Every child develops at their own pace.
Your toddler is learning emotional skills every day, even during small moments like cuddles, playtime and bedtime routines.
Note: During the first 2-3 years of your child’s life when a baby is born before their due date, they will have two ages: their corrected age and their chronological age. https://www.miraclebabies.org.au/content/corrected-age/gmf9vc
Empowerment
You play a big role in helping your toddler learn about feelings and relationships. The way you respond helps your child feel safe and understood.
Try to stay calm during big emotions. When your child is expressing big feelings, they need acknowledgement and support (not punishment). Staying close, using a gentle voice and offering comfort can help them learn how to calm down over time.
Simple routines can make a big difference. Knowing what happens next helps your child feel safe and secure. This might include regular times for meals and bedtime.
If your child finds social situations hard, take things slowly. Stay nearby, offer reassurance, and give them time to adjust. Some days may be easier (or harder) than others.
Most importantly, be kind to yourself. Parenting a toddler can be challenging, especially with big emotions involved. You don’t have to get it perfect. Being present, loving and responsive is what matters most.
If you ever feel worried about your child’s development or your own wellbeing, reaching out for support from your healthcare team is a strong and positive step.
Useful Links
Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network
https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/kids-health-hub/growth-and-development/toddlers
Raising Children
https://raisingchildren.net.au/toddlers/development/development-tracker-1-3-years/18-24-months
Toddler social & emotional development | Raising Children Network
Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF)
https://www.acecqa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2018-02/DevelopmentalMilestonesEYLFandNQS.pdf
Newborn Medicine Centre of Research Excellence -Preterm follow-up guideline
https://www.crenewbornmedicine.org.au/media/0aabcrcx/25062024_preterm_followup_guideline.pdf
Zero to Three
https://www.zerotothree.org/resource/tips-on-helping-your-child-build-relationships/
Tips for Promoting Social-Emotional Development in Infants and Toddlers | ZERO TO THREE
Circle of Security
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Disclaimer: This publication by Miracle Babies Foundation is intended solely for general education and assistance and it is it is not medical advice or a healthcare recommendation. It should not be used for the purpose of medical diagnosis or treatment for any individual condition. This publication has been developed by our Parent Advisory Team (all who are parents of premature and sick babies) and has been reviewed and approved by a Clinical Advisory Team. This publication is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Miracle Babies Foundation recommends that professional medical advice and services be sought out from a qualified healthcare provider familiar with your personal circumstances.To the extent permitted by law, Miracle Babies Foundation excludes and disclaims any liability of any kind (directly or indirectly arising) to any reader of this publication who acts or does not act in reliance wholly or partly on the content of this general publication. If you would like to provide any feedback on the information please email [email protected].
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